In a recent referendum, which saw more than 45 million people take part, the UK witnessed a majority vote to leave the European Union (EU). Although the economic and trade implications are not yet clear, it has caused a major shift in power for the UK government.
David Cameron has stepped down as Prime Minister of the UK, and has been superseded by Theresa May, who has made multiple cabinet changes as she looks to shape her new government.
PTI has noted the potential impact that the change may have on ports and shipping, however, the need for further clarification is needed, since the possible changes in trade policy are still ambiguous while the EU waits for the triggering of Article 50, which is the document used to begin negotiations for Britain’s exit of the EU.
While the latest updates suggest that the effect of Brexit could be worse than the 2008 financial crisis, the implications on trade would be just as severe. The IMF’s recent update saw the organisation cut its global economic growth forecast for 2017 by 0.1% to 3.4%, with 3.1% expected for 2016.
PTI recently spoke with Keith Rockwell, Director of the Information and External Relations Division of the World Trade Organization in which he offers some clarification of the possible impacts on UK-EU trade in the coming years.
(Source: iStock)
“The first element of this, and it is perhaps most important, pertains to the EU”, believes Mr Rockwell. “If the UK works out a deal with the EU, this would obviously have an impact on all the other negotiations that it has. If the EU and the UK do not reach a deal, then the UK would be subject to those tariffs which the EU applies to all other countries, save for those which with it has trade agreements.
“Inside the 28 member countries of the EU, these (external EU) tariffs do not apply. If a deal is not struck then the UK would be subject to these WTO tariffs. What’s important for the ports, apart from the per unit costs, is the volume. Obviously if trade costs rise because of these tariffs, that could impact on trade flows.”
According to the IMO “…more negative outcomes are a distinct possibility,” as a result of Brexit, with the organisation giving two likely scenarios in the aftermath of Britain’s exit: the first is that financial conditions will be tighter, with much weaker consumer confidence until H1, 2017. This is considered as the ‘downside scenario’.
The second scenario pertains to the more serious side of the spectrum, which will include intensified financial stress and trade arrangements returning back to WTO norms between the UK and the WTO.
Previous reports of the impact on trade flows was highlighted in a recent news article by PTI, in which it was shown that around 40% of shipping traffic to Britain originates from the EU.
“Let's start with a disclaimer. A lot is uncertain: this is uncharted territory so nobody knows exactly what will happen and when,” argues Olaf Merk, Administrator of Ports and Shipping with the ITF at the OECD. “What will happen in the medium term is obviously dependent on future trade negotiations between UK and EU. The uncertainty might in the short term has a debilitating effect on trade and investment.
“The weaker pound sterling has an immediate downward impact on the value of the cross-channel ferry companies. It will also make imports more expensive and exports less expensive. The UK is predominantly importing, so it could change the balance of trade. If Brexit leads to an economic downturn in the UK and Europe, this will obviously have an adverse effect on global trade.”
“The weaker pound sterling has an immediate downward impact on the value of the cross-channel ferry companies. It will also make imports more expensive and exports less expensive. The UK is predominantly importing, so it could change the balance of trade. If Brexit leads to an economic downturn in the UK and Europe, this will obviously have an adverse effect on global trade.”
(Source: iStock)
As well as the effect of Brexit, the issue of global protectionism (economic policies restricting trade between countries) may have a negative effect on global trade. This has recently been of concern to Korean exporters, with fears that demand for its products may drop as a result of the UK deciding to leave the EU.
“There is quite a lot of anti-trade rhetoric”, continues Mr Rockwell. “By and large, governments have, since the financial crisis, resisted protectionism and have been applying trade restrictive measures in a restrained way.
“However, we found that in the most recent reporting period for the G20, out of our trade restrictive measure analysis that between October, 2015 and May, 2016, there were 145 new trade restrictive measures applied across G20 countries, which is an average of almost 21 new restrictive measures a month. Of the 1,583 measures applied since 2008, only around 387 have been removed.”
In the port and shipping sector, the potential impacts appear to be mostly centred around trade flows, as importers and exporters grapple with the challenges of a potential increase in tariffs.
What is likely is that if tariffs do increase, ports and businesses may feel the impacts, with the volume of containers decreasing and tariffs which will apply to countries that are not part of the EU.
PTI will monitor developments closely in how the UK and the EU will devise policy post-Brexit.
https://www.porttechnology.org/news/analysing_the_brexit_blow
WHAT BREXIT MEANS FOR UK SHIPPING
The UK’s decision last month to leave the European Union will mean both positives and negatives. But there are more “unknowns” than “knowns” for UK maritime trade and ports.
International maritime trade faces new opportunities and challenges, both in the run-up to the UK leaving the European Union (expected in early 2019) and in the long-term. Drewry has gathered industry opinions from shippers, ports and shipping people and attempts to provide here an informed preliminary assessment of the impact of Brexit, looking at 3 big questions.
Will UK maritime traffic rise or fall because of Brexit?
UK container traffic will see more muted growth than expected a few months ago, at least in the short term.
Patrick Walters, Peel Ports’ Group Commercial Director, believes that the bigger Brexit-related risk for UK container ports is a short-term negative impact on box volumes caused by economic and political uncertainty and GDP slowdown.
According to the International Monetary Fund, the Brexit vote implies a substantial increase in economic, political, and institutional uncertainty, which is projected to have negative macroeconomic consequences. The IMF has just downgraded 2016 and 2017 GDP growth forecasts for the UK.
And a slowdown in UK GDP will mean a slowdown in UK maritime trade.
But Walters stresses that there will be both positives and negatives in the medium and long term. Positives include opportunities to have new or improved bilateral trade agreements between the UK and countries such as India, the US, Canada (with whom the UK has strong historical ties) and South American countries. It may be easier for the UK government to strike an agreement with India without the need to get consensus approval from the other 27 EU countries, Walters observed.
The UK lo-lo container port sector derives 31% of its total volume from trade with the rest of the EU (see Figure 1), so any new tariffs on trade between the UK and the EU will pose of risk of lower intra-Europe maritime trade volume.
Source: UK government 2014 national statistics
Ro-ro maritime trade in the UK (primarily trucks and trailers on cross-Channel and Irish Sea ferries) is much more exposed than container maritime trade to the risk of new intra-Europe tariffs and/or onerous customs export and import procedures (see Figure 2). The 78% percentage for the EU is somewhat inflated, though, because it includes UK traffic via EU ports to and from non-EU areas such as Turkey.
The British Shippers’ Council debated the impact of Brexit at a meeting in July and concluded that it is too early to tell what the outcome will be, because it will depend on what new trade agreements are negotiated with both the EU and non-EU trading partners. Drewry agrees. Similarly, the British forwarders’ association BIFA said it is too soon to give a sensible prediction whether Brexit will have a positive or negative impact on its members’ trade volume with EU countries and non-EU countries.
Some shippers see opportunities for more favourable trade agreements to be concluded on a bilateral basis between the UK and countries in Asia, Oceania and the Americas. Politicians in Australia have already said that they are happy to discuss a bilateral deal (we caution that UK/Australia trade accounts for less than 1% of total UK volume, though).
But how about the depreciation of the UK currency since the Brexit vote? Sterling has lost more than 10% against the US dollar in the past four weeks. Because the UK has a large merchandise trade deficit with the rest of the world and is a large importer of consumer goods, it would be reasonable to expect that more expensive containerised imports will become less appealing to UK consumers.
However, a comparison of the trends in the US$/£ exchange rate and total UK port volume over a 10-year period shows only a weak link between exchange rates and total trade (see Figure 3). This implies that a small change in the unit value of imports and exports has only a limited influence on total UK port volumes.
What could happen, though, is a switch between some sourcing countries, particularly if the UK strikes a favourable deal with countries such as India, Bangladesh or South American countries.
Will container lines skip UK ports because of Brexit?
British importers and exporters prefer direct mainline container services calling at their national ports and tend to dislike feeder services. Is there a risk that a politically isolated UK will no longer benefit from direct vessel calls, particularly as there is no longer any large British container carrier based in the UK to champion their cause?
Drewry believes that the container lines will continue to call directly at UK ports. Even if the UK enters a small recession, UK volumes are more than large enough to justify direct calls with mainline vessels, mainly in the South of England ports and it is in the lines’ own interest to call there direct. In fact, based on January-May statistics from Container Trade Statistics, the UK imports more containers from Asia than any other North European country, even Germany. Today, 15 of the 17 Asia-North Europe loops call at a British port; we expect this very high proportion to continue.
Will UK trade benefit from moving away from EU rules and regulations?
British shippers are fearful of losing the benefits of free trade and customs harmonisation with the EU single market. They do not want to return to the days of red tape and single administrative documents. Drewry sees a risk of new inefficiencies and costs here, which trade negotiations with the EU will have to tackle. British companies are already lobbying their government to ensure that simplified trade processes are on the agenda.
A return to tariffs for UK merchandise exports and imports, if this is the outcome of trade negotiations with the EU, will be detrimental to UK trade with the EU, and may result in a small reduction in UK-EU maritime volume.
At a meeting of the All-Party Parliamentary Maritime and Ports Group on 19 July, Guy Platten, CEO of the UK Chamber of Shipping, said that the UK maritime sector can make Brexit work, and that although there will be some difficult issues, trade would continue.
The UK Chamber of Shipping believes that nothing has changed at the moment and the UK is still subject to all EU directives relating to the maritime sector. As and when the UK exits, it will then have to be decided which directives are adopted within UK law. The EU ports policy will have to be reviewed.
Platten said that the UK Chamber of Shipping has “a feeling of optimism” for a post Brexit world.
British ship-owners support access to free trade and access to free movement of labour.
But the UK Chamber of Shipping highlighted that, within the UK maritime sector, the UK relies heavily on skilled people from across the globe, and it felt that it is imperative the right to remain is invoked and that future immigration process should not deter European citizens wanting to work within the UK maritime sector.
In Drewry’s view, again, the impact will depend on what is negotiated between the UK and the EU. Restrictions on the right of EU workers to work in the UK maritime sector (an international sector by definition) could harm the UK shipping cluster.
Our view
In the short term, a slowdown in UK GDP is expected to result in a slowdown in UK maritime trade growth. It is too early to say what the impact of Brexit on maritime trade will be in the long term, but it is unlikely that Brexit will have a material impact on total UK maritime volume.
There will probably be a change in the mix: depending on the new trade agreements negotiated between the UK and the EU and between the UK and non-EU countries, the UK could switch some of the countries from which to imports and to which it exports.
There is also a risk of harmful UK-EU red tape, tariffs and reduced access to skilled EU shipping workers in post-Brexit and much uncertainty as to what will happen.
Will UK maritime traffic rise or fall because of Brexit?
UK container traffic will see more muted growth than expected a few months ago, at least in the short term.
Patrick Walters, Peel Ports’ Group Commercial Director, believes that the bigger Brexit-related risk for UK container ports is a short-term negative impact on box volumes caused by economic and political uncertainty and GDP slowdown.
According to the International Monetary Fund, the Brexit vote implies a substantial increase in economic, political, and institutional uncertainty, which is projected to have negative macroeconomic consequences. The IMF has just downgraded 2016 and 2017 GDP growth forecasts for the UK.
And a slowdown in UK GDP will mean a slowdown in UK maritime trade.
But Walters stresses that there will be both positives and negatives in the medium and long term. Positives include opportunities to have new or improved bilateral trade agreements between the UK and countries such as India, the US, Canada (with whom the UK has strong historical ties) and South American countries. It may be easier for the UK government to strike an agreement with India without the need to get consensus approval from the other 27 EU countries, Walters observed.
The UK lo-lo container port sector derives 31% of its total volume from trade with the rest of the EU (see Figure 1), so any new tariffs on trade between the UK and the EU will pose of risk of lower intra-Europe maritime trade volume.
Figure 1
UK port container traffic breakdown by trading partner
UK port container traffic breakdown by trading partner
Source: UK government 2014 national statistics
Figure 2
UK port roll-on/roll-off traffic breakdown by trading partner
UK port roll-on/roll-off traffic breakdown by trading partner
Source: UK government 2014 national statistics
The key questions are how much difference tariffs and non-tariff barriers will make and, to the extent that they do, whether or not there will be tariffs on UK/EU trade and more complex customs procedures.The British Shippers’ Council debated the impact of Brexit at a meeting in July and concluded that it is too early to tell what the outcome will be, because it will depend on what new trade agreements are negotiated with both the EU and non-EU trading partners. Drewry agrees. Similarly, the British forwarders’ association BIFA said it is too soon to give a sensible prediction whether Brexit will have a positive or negative impact on its members’ trade volume with EU countries and non-EU countries.
Some shippers see opportunities for more favourable trade agreements to be concluded on a bilateral basis between the UK and countries in Asia, Oceania and the Americas. Politicians in Australia have already said that they are happy to discuss a bilateral deal (we caution that UK/Australia trade accounts for less than 1% of total UK volume, though).
But how about the depreciation of the UK currency since the Brexit vote? Sterling has lost more than 10% against the US dollar in the past four weeks. Because the UK has a large merchandise trade deficit with the rest of the world and is a large importer of consumer goods, it would be reasonable to expect that more expensive containerised imports will become less appealing to UK consumers.
However, a comparison of the trends in the US$/£ exchange rate and total UK port volume over a 10-year period shows only a weak link between exchange rates and total trade (see Figure 3). This implies that a small change in the unit value of imports and exports has only a limited influence on total UK port volumes.
Figure 3
Development of total UK ports’ throughputs and the US$/£ exchange rate, 2004-2014
Development of total UK ports’ throughputs and the US$/£ exchange rate, 2004-2014
Sources: Bank of England, Drewry Maritime Research (www.drewry.co.uk)
In Drewry’s view, irrespective of the exchange rate and irrespective of whether or not (presumably smallish) import tariffs are introduced, UK consumers will continue to buy large quantities of products made in Asia and will not return to “made in the UK” sourcing – the differential in labour costs with producing countries in Asia remains huge and compelling.What could happen, though, is a switch between some sourcing countries, particularly if the UK strikes a favourable deal with countries such as India, Bangladesh or South American countries.
Will container lines skip UK ports because of Brexit?
British importers and exporters prefer direct mainline container services calling at their national ports and tend to dislike feeder services. Is there a risk that a politically isolated UK will no longer benefit from direct vessel calls, particularly as there is no longer any large British container carrier based in the UK to champion their cause?
Drewry believes that the container lines will continue to call directly at UK ports. Even if the UK enters a small recession, UK volumes are more than large enough to justify direct calls with mainline vessels, mainly in the South of England ports and it is in the lines’ own interest to call there direct. In fact, based on January-May statistics from Container Trade Statistics, the UK imports more containers from Asia than any other North European country, even Germany. Today, 15 of the 17 Asia-North Europe loops call at a British port; we expect this very high proportion to continue.
Will UK trade benefit from moving away from EU rules and regulations?
British shippers are fearful of losing the benefits of free trade and customs harmonisation with the EU single market. They do not want to return to the days of red tape and single administrative documents. Drewry sees a risk of new inefficiencies and costs here, which trade negotiations with the EU will have to tackle. British companies are already lobbying their government to ensure that simplified trade processes are on the agenda.
A return to tariffs for UK merchandise exports and imports, if this is the outcome of trade negotiations with the EU, will be detrimental to UK trade with the EU, and may result in a small reduction in UK-EU maritime volume.
At a meeting of the All-Party Parliamentary Maritime and Ports Group on 19 July, Guy Platten, CEO of the UK Chamber of Shipping, said that the UK maritime sector can make Brexit work, and that although there will be some difficult issues, trade would continue.
The UK Chamber of Shipping believes that nothing has changed at the moment and the UK is still subject to all EU directives relating to the maritime sector. As and when the UK exits, it will then have to be decided which directives are adopted within UK law. The EU ports policy will have to be reviewed.
Platten said that the UK Chamber of Shipping has “a feeling of optimism” for a post Brexit world.
British ship-owners support access to free trade and access to free movement of labour.
But the UK Chamber of Shipping highlighted that, within the UK maritime sector, the UK relies heavily on skilled people from across the globe, and it felt that it is imperative the right to remain is invoked and that future immigration process should not deter European citizens wanting to work within the UK maritime sector.
In Drewry’s view, again, the impact will depend on what is negotiated between the UK and the EU. Restrictions on the right of EU workers to work in the UK maritime sector (an international sector by definition) could harm the UK shipping cluster.
Our view
In the short term, a slowdown in UK GDP is expected to result in a slowdown in UK maritime trade growth. It is too early to say what the impact of Brexit on maritime trade will be in the long term, but it is unlikely that Brexit will have a material impact on total UK maritime volume.
There will probably be a change in the mix: depending on the new trade agreements negotiated between the UK and the EU and between the UK and non-EU countries, the UK could switch some of the countries from which to imports and to which it exports.
There is also a risk of harmful UK-EU red tape, tariffs and reduced access to skilled EU shipping workers in post-Brexit and much uncertainty as to what will happen.
Source: Drewry
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